Glial cells make the brain an enjoyable place to live in.

Although, when we talk about the brain, the cells that come fastest to our mind are ‘Neurons!’, there are other cells in the brain with essential functions, such as glial cells. Their goal is to keep a safe and nice environment for neurons, so brain circuits can perfectly work, and we can think, decide, image, dream.

microglia

One of these glial cells are ‘Microglia’, the watchers of the brain. Microglia belong to the immune system and, thus, are in charge of fighting against enemies and cleaning around to make sure there is an equilibrated, danger-free environment in the brain. When there is no injury, they are in a quiet state, although always alert. There are different types of damage that can challenge brain’s peace: (1) pathogens (bacteria, virus) *, (2) cancer cells, (3) overproduction of proteins, which normally are in the brain, but run out of control, such as happens in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s Disease; among others. Under these circumstances, microglial cells activate. They change their form, the substances that they produce, and get ready for action! Then, they get the power of engulfing any damaging bug, as a vacuum would clean cereals split all over your carpet. Besides, microglia also inform surrounding cells about the situation, so they can contribute to the fight and let other cells know, kind of spread the word and join the cause! When the problem is resolved, they go back to their relaxed, but suspicious state. 

Other important glial cells are the astrocytes. These cells display different shapes, looking like a star. They make a wide variety of functions to make sure neurons are happy, they are like a mommy for a neuron. They contribute to neurons’ feeding, cleaning from toxic substances and, when associated with a blood vessel, they take part in the control of what comes in and out of the brain. Additionally, when a threat appears, they get active, as same as microglial cells, and join the fight to get back to safe conditions. On the other hand, neurons also inform astrocytes how they ‘feel’ and based on that, astrocytes can readjust their function to help neurons with their connections (synapses). 

Astrocyte

In short, do not forget that there are different cells in the brain, all of them of huge importance. Also, there is a real tight connection between all of them, definitely as in a big family!